Class 10 | Science | Chapter 04 | Carbon and its Compounds

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 Here are exam-ready notes + topic-wise previous year questions (PYQs) for Chapter: Carbon and Its Compounds — Class 10 CBSE ✨





🌟 Notes: Carbon and Its Compounds






📌 1. Why Carbon is Special



  • Carbon forms a huge number of compounds because:
    ✅ Catenation → Ability to form bonds with itself into long chains or rings.
    ✅ Tetravalency → Has 4 valence electrons, so it can form covalent bonds with many atoms.
    ✅ Forms single, double, triple bonds.
    ✅ Forms strong covalent bonds (stable compounds).






📌 2. Types of Carbon Compounds



  • Hydrocarbons → Compounds of carbon & hydrogen.
    🔷 Saturated → Single bonds (alkanes) e.g., CH₄, C₂H₆
    🔷 Unsaturated → Double or triple bonds (alkenes, alkynes) e.g., C₂H₄, C₂H₂






📌 3. Functional Groups



  • Groups of atoms that impart specific properties to the compounds.
    | Functional Group | Example | Formula |
    |——————|———|———|
    | Alcohol | Ethanol | —OH |
    | Aldehyde | Formaldehyde | —CHO |
    | Ketone | Acetone | —CO— |
    | Carboxylic Acid | Acetic Acid | —COOH |
    | Halides | Chloromethane | —Cl |






📌 4. Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds



Prefix + Word Root + Suffix

e.g., CH₃CH₂OH → Ethanol

e.g., CH₃COOH → Ethanoic Acid





📌 5. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds



✅ Combustion → Burns in oxygen to give CO₂ + water + heat.

✅ Oxidation → Alcohols oxidized to acids.

✅ Addition Reaction → Unsaturated hydrocarbons react with hydrogen in the presence of catalyst (e.g., nickel) → saturated.

✅ Substitution Reaction → Hydrogen in alkanes replaced by other atoms (e.g., halogens).





📌 6. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)



  • Properties:
    🔹 Colourless liquid, soluble in water.
    🔹 Burns with blue flame.
  • Uses:
    🔹 Alcoholic beverages, fuel, solvent, medicines.






📌 7. Ethanoic Acid (CH₃COOH)



  • Properties:
    🔹 Sour taste, vinegar (5–8% acetic acid).
    🔹 Reacts with bases & metals.
  • Uses:
    🔹 Food preservative, in pickles, making esters.






📌 8. Soaps & Detergents



✅ Soap → Sodium/potassium salt of fatty acid → works in soft water.

✅ Detergents → Ammonium/sulphonate salts → works in hard & soft water.






🎯 Topic-Wise Previous Year Questions






🔹 Very Short Answer (1–2 marks)



✅ Why does carbon form covalent bonds?

✅ What is catenation? Give example.

✅ Give the IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CH₂OH.

✅ Write the molecular formula of butyne.

✅ Why is graphite a good conductor but diamond is not?





🔹 Short Answer (3 marks)



✅ Write any three differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

✅ What happens when ethanol is heated with excess conc. H₂SO₄?

✅ Write the reactions of ethanol with:


  • Sodium
  • Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇
  • Conc. H₂SO₄



✅ Explain addition and substitution reactions with examples.





🔹 Long Answer (5 marks)



✅ How does soap work to remove dirt? Explain with diagram.

✅ Describe the chemical properties of ethanol & ethanoic acid.

✅ What are micelles? Explain how soaps form micelles.

✅ Describe the versatile nature of carbon and why it forms so many compounds.





📚 Tips for Exams:



📖 Learn functional groups & IUPAC naming rules.

📖 Practice chemical equations & reactions.

📖 Understand diagrams of micelles & soap action.

📖 Memorize definitions: catenation, covalent bond, combustion, oxidation.




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