Class 10 | Science | Chapter 03 | Metals and Non-metal

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Here’s a complete, easy-to-understand notes + topic-wise previous year questions for the chapter:



🪙 Metals and Non-Metals — Notes (Class 10 CBSE)






📌 Properties of Metals & Non-Metals


Property

Metals

Non-Metals

Lustre

Shiny (metallic)

Dull

Malleability

Can be hammered into thin sheets

Brittle

Ductility

Can be drawn into wires

Not ductile

Conductivity

Good conductors of heat & electricity

Poor conductors

Density & Strength

Usually high

Usually low

State at room temp.

Solid (except Mercury)

Solid, liquid, or gas

Sonority

Produce ringing sound

Non-sonorous

Electronegativity

Low

High

Valency

1, 2, or 3

Usually 4, 5, 6, or 7





📌 Chemical Properties of Metals



✅ Reaction with Oxygen

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

e.g.

4Na + O_2 → 2Na_2O


✅ Reaction with Water

Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen

e.g.

2Na + 2H_2O → 2NaOH + H_2

(Note: Some metals like gold & platinum do not react.)


✅ Reaction with Acids

Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

e.g.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl_2 + H_2


✅ Reaction with Non-metals

Metal + Non-metal → Ionic compound

e.g.

2Na + Cl_2 → 2NaCl





📌 Chemical Properties of Non-Metals



✅ React with oxygen → Non-metal oxide (acidic or neutral)

✅ Do not react with dilute acids.

✅ React with hydrogen → Covalent compounds (e.g., HCl, NH₃)





📌 Uses of Metals & Non-Metals



🔹 Metals: Construction (iron, steel), wires (copper), jewellery (gold, silver)

🔹 Non-Metals: Oxygen (respiration), nitrogen (fertilizers), chlorine (disinfectant), sulphur (gunpowder).





🔄 Reactivity Series



  • Metals arranged in decreasing order of reactivity.
  • Highly reactive → Potassium, Sodium
  • Moderately reactive → Zinc, Iron
  • Least reactive → Gold, Platinum






🧪 Important Definitions:



  • Malleability: Ability to be hammered into sheets.
  • Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires.
  • Sonority: Producing a ringing sound when struck.
  • Electrovalent/Ionic Bond: Metal + Non-metal.






🎯 Common Reactions to Remember



✅ Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂

✅ 2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃

✅ Cu + HCl → No reaction (because copper is below hydrogen in the reactivity series)





📚 Topic-Wise Previous Year Questions (PYQs)




Very Short Answer (1–2 marks)



✅ Write two physical properties of metals.

✅ Why is sodium kept in kerosene?

✅ Name a metal which is liquid at room temperature.

✅ Which gas is produced when metal reacts with acid?



Short Answer (3 marks)



✅ Write chemical equations for the reactions of zinc with:


  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • HCl
    ✅ Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
    ✅ How can you prevent rusting of iron?




Long Answer (5 marks)



✅ Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of at least 5 properties.

✅ Describe the reaction of metals with oxygen, water & acids with examples.

✅ What is the reactivity series? How does it help in predicting the reaction of metals?


🌟 Tips for Board Exam

📖 Write equations wherever possible.

📖 Memorize reactivity series & definitions.

📖 Practice balancing equations.