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Class 10 | Science | Chapter 02 | Acids, Bases and Salts

1. Acids and Bases: Introduction Acids: Substances that release H⁺ ions in aqueous solution. 🔸 Taste: Sour 🔸 Example: HCl, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH Bases: Substances that release OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution. 🔹 Taste: Bitter, slippery to touch 🔹 Example: NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH 2. Indicators Definition: Substances that change color in acidic/basic solutions. Indicator Acid Color Base Color Litmus Red Blue Methyl Orange Red Yellow Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink Turmeric Yellow Reddish-Brown 3. Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases a) Reaction with Metals Acid + Metal → Salt + H₂ (Hydrogen gas) Test for H₂ gas: Burning matchstick gives a ‘pop’ sound. Example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂↑ b) Reaction with Metal Carbonates and Bicarbonates Produces CO₂ gas, Salt, and Water. CO₂ turns lime water milky. Example: Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O c) Reaction with Metal Oxides Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water (Metal o...

Class 10 | Science | Chapter 09 | Light - Reflection and Refraction

🎯 Here are exam-focused notes + topic-wise previous year questions (PYQs) & NCERT exercise solution - 1️⃣ Reflection of Light Reflection: Bouncing back of light from a surface. Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection. Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane. 2️⃣ Spherical Mirrors Concave mirror (converging) Convex mirror (diverging) 3️⃣ Image Formation by Concave Mirror Position of Object Position of Image Nature of Image At infinity At focus (F) Point-size, Real, Inverted Beyond C Between C and F Real, Inverted, Smaller At C At C Real, Inverted, Same size Between C and F Beyond C Real, Inverted, Enlarged At F At infinity Real, Inverted, Highly enlarged Between F and P Behind mirror Virtual, Erect, Enlarged 4️⃣ Uses of Mirrors: Concave mirror: Torches, headlights, shaving mirrors. Convex mirror: Rear-view mirrors (wide field of view). 5️⃣...

Class 10 | NCERT Solution | Chapter: 13

✅ Q1. Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items? 🎯 (a) Grass, flowers and leather ✅ Q2. Which of the following constitute a food chain? 🎯 (b) Grass, goat and human ✅ Q3. Which of the following are environment-friendly practices? 🎯 (d) All of the above ✔ Carrying cloth-bags while shopping ✔ Switching off unnecessary lights and fans ✔ Walking to school instead of using vehicles ✅ Q4. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level? 🎯 The entire food chain will collapse: Organisms at the next trophic level will starve and decrease in number. Organisms at the previous level may grow excessively, disturbing the ecosystem balance. ✅ Q5. Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem? 🎯 Yes, the impact will be different at each level because: Removing pr...

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