🎯Here are exam-focused notes + topic-wise previous year questions (PYQs) & NCERT exercise solution -
1. What is Control and Coordination?
- Organisms respond to stimuli to survive.
- It helps organisms adjust to environmental changes.
2. Control & Coordination in Animals
Nervous System:
- Detects stimuli & sends electrical impulses.
- Neuron: Functional unit.
- Structure: Dendrites → Cell body → Axon.
- CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain + Spinal cord.
- Brain:
- Forebrain: Thinking, voluntary actions.
- Midbrain: Reflexes of eyes & ears.
- Hindbrain: Balance & posture.
- Reflex Action: Quick, automatic response to stimuli.
- Example: Withdrawing hand from heat.
Hormonal Coordination:
|
Gland |
Hormone |
Function |
|
Pituitary |
Growth hormone |
Growth of body |
|
Thyroid |
Thyroxine |
Metabolism |
|
Adrenal |
Adrenaline |
Fight or flight |
|
Pancreas |
Insulin |
Controls blood sugar |
|
Testes |
Testosterone |
Male sex hormone |
|
Ovaries |
Estrogen |
Female sex hormone |
3. Control & Coordination in Plants
Tropic Movements:
|
Type |
Direction |
|
Phototropism |
Towards light |
|
Geotropism |
Towards gravity |
|
Hydrotropism |
Towards water |
|
Thigmotropism |
Touch |
Plant Hormones:
|
Hormone |
Function |
|
Auxin |
Cell elongation |
|
Gibberellin |
Stem growth |
|
Cytokinin |
Cell division |
|
Abscisic acid |
Dormancy, leaf fall |
|
Ethylene |
Ripening of fruits |
Nastic Movements:
- Non-directional, e.g., folding of Touch-me-not plant leaves.
🎯Topic-Wise Previous Year Questions
Very Short Answer (1–2 Marks)
- Name the functional unit of nervous system.
- Name the hormone responsible for phototropism.
- Why is reflex action important?
- Which hormone regulates blood sugar?
- Name one plant hormone responsible for cell elongation.
Short Answer (3 Marks)
- Explain reflex action with a diagram.
- Differentiate between nervous and endocrine control.
- Explain phototropism with an example.
- What is the role of adrenaline?
- Write functions of any three plant hormones.
Long Answer (5 Marks)
- Describe the human brain with a labeled diagram.
- How does chemical coordination take place?
- Explain different tropic movements in plants with examples.
- Compare the nervous system and hormonal system.
- Explain reflex arc with a diagram.
🌟Tips for Exam:
Revise diagrams:
- Neuron
- Human Brain
- Reflex arc
Learn differences:
- Nervous vs Endocrine system
- Reflex vs Voluntary action
- Tropic vs Nastic movements
Practice definitions & examples of hormones & movements.